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Sex determination in bees

As is well known, the members of a bee colony consist of the queen, workers, and drones. The origin of these three types of individuals differs based on the following three factors: Type of egg. Type of food. The cell (housing). The Type of Egg Laid by the Queen Bee In terms of egg type, the queen lays two types of eggs: Fertilized eggs, which produce queens and workers. Unfertilized eggs, which produce drones. In terms of food type, fertilized eggs produce only workers and queens, as mentioned earlier. Workers can control the type of bee that emerges from the fertilized egg through the type of food they provide to the larvae during the larval stage. This is because workers are responsible for secreting and preparing food for the young (   royal jelly   ) in the form of a liquid secreted from special glands in their heads. This food is rich in proteins, vitamins, and fats. They can also prepare another type of food known as bee bread, made from a mixture of honey ...
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Preparation bee colonies for the season Overflow.

The beekeeper prepares their bee colonies to face the honey flow season to obtain the largest possible amount of honey. All the beekeeper’s operations aim to ensure that their colonies contain the maximum number of worker bees, especially before the start of the honey flow season, and to provide suitable space for brood rearing and honey storage. To prepare bee colonies for the honey flow season, the beekeeper must follow sequential and important steps that enable them to enter and exit the honey flow season with an economically rewarding success. How to Prepare Bee Colonies for the Honey Flow Season and Benefit from It A) Preparation for the honey flow season begins early in spring, where the beekeeper starts feeding the bee colonies with diluted sugar syrups and pollen if available, or one of the pollen substitutes , to encourage the queen to lay eggs early enough to have forager worker ...
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The phenomenon of theft between bee colonies and to deal with them.

      The phenomenon of robbing is usually ingrained in strong bee colonies, where they attack weak colonies to steal the honey present in them. This happens during times when nectar sources are scarce outside. Several factors encourage the occurrence of robbing, such as leaving the hives open for too long during inspection, not properly sealing them, exposing feeders full of sugar solution for long periods in the apiary, feeding certain colonies without others, or feeding at different times rather than uniformly. Additionally, offering wax combs with some honey can lead to robbing, so they should be emptied of honey before adding them to the colony, especially when storing them after the collection season. These combs should be offered clean and empty when added to the colonies during the egg-laying season. Robbing can lead to the destruction of a large number of bees, the death of the queen, or the spread of diseases between colonies as a result. How ...
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